Research: Correlation

Correlation research is a method used in psychology to measure the relationship between two variables or factors (for instance, how much time spent studying is related to test scores).
Variables in correlation research cannot be manipulated or controlled as we might in an experiment. The researchers simply observe, measure and analyse the relationship between the variables.
A strong correlation between two variables doesn’t confirm causation. In other words, just because two things are related does not mean that one causes the other to happen.
There are two kinds of correlation - positive and negative. Positive correlation suggests that as one variable goes up, the other does too. Negative correlation indicates that as one variable rises, the other falls.
The strength of a correlation is measured on a scale from -1 to +1. A score of -1 indicates a perfect negative correlation, 0 indicates no correlation, and +1 indicates a perfect positive correlation.
Correlational research can be beneficial because it allows us to predict behaviour. For instance, if we know there is a strong positive correlation between time spent studying and test scores, we can predict that individuals who study more will achieve higher test scores.
Correlation research methods can employ the use of surveys, observation, archival research and other data collection techniques.
Studies using correlational research take into consideration the correlation coefficient, which is the statistical measure of the strength and direction of a correlation.
It is crucial to remember the saying ‘correlation does not mean causation’ when interpreting the results from correlation research.
Despite its barriers, such as the inability to prove causation, correlational research serves as a powerful tool in psychology to understand relationships between different cognitive and behavioural processes. It can often open doors for more in-depth experimental research.
It’s important to consider potential confounding variables or other factor(s) that may influence the study results when using correlation research.
It’s easy to misinterpret data from correlation research, especially if there’s a third unseen factor influencing both variables (also known as a ‘third variable’ or ‘confounding variable’). Hence an understanding of the limitations of correlation research is essential.