Characteristics of Addiction

Addiction can be characterised by a compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli, despite negative consequences.
This behaviour often emerges when the desire for a particular substance or activity becomes excessive and is combined with a diminished ability to control or resist this desire.
There may also be an increased tolerance present, meaning a higher quantity of the substance or activity is required to achieve the previously experienced pleasure.
Withdrawal symptoms might occur when the substance or activity is reduced or stopped. Symptoms can include anxiety, irritability, restlessness and physical symptoms such as shaking or sweating.
An individual suffering from addiction may continue to indulge in the addictive behaviour despite the harmful effects on their social relationships, finances, health or work.
Over time, the substance or activity becomes a priority for the person to the detriment of their everyday responsibilities and relationships.
A significant amount of time might be spent in activities necessary to obtain, use, or recover from the effects of the substance or activity.
Finally, unsuccessful efforts might be made to control or reduce usage of the substance or the engagement in the problematic behaviour.
Psychological factors such as denial are often present in addiction, meaning the person fails to recognise or admit they have a problem.
Understanding addiction also involves exploring the biological, genetic and environmental factors that contribute to its development and continuation. For instance, stress or trauma might increase an individuals’ vulnerability to addiction.
If an individual’s social environment supports and enables the addictive behaviour, it can be much harder for them to overcome it.
Lastly, some theoretical perspectives suggest that addiction can also be seen as a learned behaviour or coping mechanism to deal with unpleasant emotions or situations.