Synthetic Polymers

Synthetic polymers are man-made polymers designed for specific uses.
They are created by initiating a polymerisation reaction that links small molecules (monomers) together into long chains.
Examples of synthetic polymers include plastic (such as polyethylene and polypropylene), nylon, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polystyrene.

Polymerisation Reactions

Synthetic polymers are typically made through addition polymerisation or condensation polymerisation.
Addition polymerisation involves the joining of unsaturated monomers (containing double or triple bonds) without the elimination of any atoms.
Condensation polymerisation involves the reaction of two different functional groups, with the elimination of a small molecule like water or hydrochloric acid.
Both processes continue until all the monomers have been used, resulting in high-molecular-weight polymers.

Polyalkene is an example of an addition polymer made from alkene monomers.
Polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride are examples of polyalkenes used for different purposes such as packaging, insulation, and pipes respectively.

Polyesters and polyamides (nylons) are examples of condensation polymers.
Polyesters are formed through the esterification reaction between a diol and a dicarboxylic acid.
Polyamides (nylons) are formed from the reaction between a diamine and a dicarboxylic acid.
Both types can be used in clothing, furnishings, and plastics, demonstrating the versatility of synthetic polymers.

Many synthetic polymers are resistant to weather, chemical and thermal degradation, making them long-lasting.
However, their resistance also means they don’t biodegrade easily, contributing to pollution and waste issues.
Synthetic polymers often have high tensile strength, elasticity, and plasticity, which helps them find use in a wide spectrum of industries, including, packaging, automotive, construction, and healthcare.

The manufacture and disposal of synthetic polymers can be harmful to the environment due to the release of greenhouse gases.
Non-degradable synthetic polymers can create waste disposal problems, leading to adverse effects such as pollution.
These factors highlight the importance of recycling synthetic polymers and developing biodegradable plastics.