Food Production: Micro-organisms

Microbial Fermentation

Fermentation is a metabolic process where microorganisms decompose materials, often to generate products such as alcohol or organic acids.
It is a common method in food production, used in the preparation of foods like bread, yogurt, cheese, and beer.
Yeast, a type of fungus, is typically used in bread and beer manufacturing, as it converts sugars into carbon dioxide and ethanol.
In cheese and yogurt manufacturing, bacteria convert lactose, a sugar in milk, into lactic acid which coagulates protein, resulting in the required texture.

Single cell protein (SCP) refers to protein-rich microbial biomass that can be used as a food source.
Microorganism species used in the production of SCP include algae, yeast, and fungi.
SCPs can be grown on various substrates, including waste materials, offering efficient protein production and waste reduction opportunities.
Potential risks include the presence of harmful by-products or toxins, requiring careful monitoring and quality control.

Probiotics are bacteria that are beneficial to digestion.
They are often added to yoghurts or taken as dietary supplements to enhance gut health.
These beneficial microorganisms can inhibit harmful bacteria and enhance the body’s immune response.
However, the efficacy of probiotics can vary widely based on strain and dosage, and their health benefits are subject to ongoing research.

Quorn is a high-protein, low-fat, meat substitute made from a type of fungus (Fusarium venenatum).
The fungi culture is fermented, then the biomass is separated and dried to create a dough-like substance.
The substance is then textured, flavoured and coloured to create the finished product.
Despite its benefits, some individuals may have an intolerance or allergy to this product.

Bioremediation involves the use of microorganisms to remove pollutants from the environment.
Certain bacteria and fungi can metabolise harmful substances, turning them into less harmful compounds.
This method is increasingly employed to clean up oil spills and polluted water, as well as remediating contaminated soil.
While it can be effective, the process can be slow, and not all pollutants are fully broken down. It also requires appropriate disposal of the resulting biomass.