Types of surveying equipment and techniques

Surveying Equipment

Tape Measure: A common measuring tool used in surveying for measuring distances directly. Comes in various lengths and made of materials that do not stretch.
Clinometer: Used to measure the steepness of a slope, the height of tall objects, or for measuring vertical angles in the field.
Theodolite: An essential piece of equipment for surveying, theodolite is used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles.
Level: Used for establishing a horizontal line or plane and can be used to determine relative position of points in a vertical plane.
Automatic Level: This instrument can self-level and is used for establishing a horizontal or vertical plane.
Total Station: A high-tech piece of equipment, used to measure both distance and angles. It can compute coordinates of a point in relation to two other known points.
GPS (Global Positioning System): Widely used in surveying to accurately establish geographical positions of points on the earth’s surface.

Surveying Techniques

Traversing: A common technique involving precise measurements from a base line. Angles and distances are recorded to create a network of control points.
Triangulation: Involves the measurement of angles in a triangle formed by three survey points. This technique is particularly used in the computing and construction of maps.
Levelling: This technique measures and establishes relative heights of different points on a site. The data collected can be used to create sectional views and profiles.
Tacheometry: Used for rapid measurement of distances, horizontal and vertical angles all in one operation.
Photogrammetry: A technique of obtaining reliable data about physical objects through the process of recording, measuring, and interpreting photographic images.
Remote Sensing: A process that uses satellite or aircraft to obtain data about the earth’s surface. This technique can provide valuable information about sites, including the type of soil, and the presence of water bodies.

Care and Use of Equipment

Ensure that all equipment is calibrated properly before use to ensure reliable results.
Handle all instruments with care and store them appropriately to preserve their integrity and functionality, and prevent unnecessary wear and tear.
Regular servicing and maintenance, including cleaning and lubrication, are essential to keep instruments functioning effectively.
Ensure accuracy and precision in readings by operating the instruments as per their operational manuals.
For electronic devices like theodolites, total stations, and GPS, charge or replace their batteries regularly to maintain their functionality.

Remember, practice makes proficient. It’s essential to develop familiarity with using these types of surveying equipment and techniques in order to become an effective surveyor.