Soil types and properties

Soil types and properties

Soil Types and Their Key Characteristics

Sand

  • Comprised mostly of small rock particles with large spaces between them.
  • Drains water very quickly as a result of the large spaces.
  • Able to heat up quickly since there is more direct contact with the sun.
  • Often low in nutrients since water-soluble nutrients are washed away.

Silt

  • Made up of medium-sized particles, smaller than sand but larger than clay.
  • Feels smooth and powdery to the touch.
  • Holds more water than sand but drains better than clay.
  • Tends to be more fertile than sand.

Clay

  • Comprised of very small particles that are close together.
  • Retains more water and nutrients due to the tiny spaces between particles.
  • Tends to be cold and slow to warm up.
  • Can become compact and hard if waterlogged or walked upon, making it difficult for plant roots.

Loam

  • Contains a balanced combination of sand, silt, and clay.
  • Considered the best soil type for plant growth, as it retains nutrients and water but still drains well.
  • Warms up adequately and remains cool in hot weather.

Soil Properties and Their Importance

pH Level

  • Refers to the level of acidity or alkalinity of the soil.
  • Influences the availability of nutrients to plants.
  • Soils with extreme pH (either too acidic or alkaline) can limit plant growth.

Organic Matter

  • Includes the decomposed remains of plants and animals.
  • Plays a crucial role in improving soil structure and fertility.
  • Boosts the soil’s capacity to hold water and nutrients.

Texture

  • The proportion of sand, silt and clay determines the soil’s texture.
  • Influences the soil’s drainage ability and nutrient level.
  • Plants thrive best in different soil textures, so identifying this property is essential for successful planting.

Drainage

  • Soils that drain well prevent waterlogging, which can harm plant roots.
  • Poorly draining soils can lead to a lack of oxygen in the soil, which plants need for respiration.
  • Drainage can be improved through loosening compacted soil or introducing coarse material like grit or sand.

Nutrient Content

  • Nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are essential for plant growth.
  • Too much or too little of these nutrients can harm plants.
  • Nutrient levels can be raised with organic matter or fertilisers.