Design tools and techniques

Manual Drafting Techniques

Technical drawing or manual drafting is a time-honoured traditional technique, where skilled draughtsmen use pencils, rulers, set squares, compasses and scales to draw detailed building plans.
These drawings typically include floor plans, elevations, cross sections and detailed component drawings. Understanding these basic elements can assist in visualising a building’s design and construction.
Orthographic drawings enable an accurate and clear depiction of the object from multiple views.

Computer Aided Design Techniques

One of the most important developments in construction, Computer Aided Design (CAD) uses specialist software to create two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) graphical representations of physical objects.
2D CAD offers tools to produce detailed and accurate plans, sections and elevations in a fully digital format.
3D CAD allows objects to be modelled in three dimensions, providing a realistic interpretation of the design.
Building Information Modelling (BIM) represents a further evolution of 3D CAD, allowing construction professionals to create building designs as well as full digital versions of a structure’s physical and functional characteristics.

Rapid Prototyping Techniques

3D printing uses CAD diagrams and quick-drying materials to create three-dimensional models of designs, allowing designers and clients to examine a tangible miniature version of the project.

Simulations and Testing Techniques

Many CAD packages come with advanced simulation capabilities. These allow designers to create virtual models of structures, simulating loads and stress patterns, which helps identify weaknesses in designs and ensure structural integrity.
Energy simulation software can model how a structure uses energy, helping designers make buildings more energy efficient.

Project Management Software

Gantt charts and other tools within project management software assist in organising, planning and scheduling the phases of a construction project.
Software like Microsoft Project, Primavera, and others can help schedule tasks, assign resources, track progress and manage budgets.