Key elements of the research process

Formulation of the Research Question(s): An essential initial step is to clearly specify the question or problem that the research seeks to answer, which can be generated from gaps in existing literature, societal issues, or theoretical debates.
Hypothesis Development: From the research question, the researcher develops a testable hypothesis or hypotheses. This begins as a theoretical proposition, to be confirmed or refuted through empirical investigation.

Quantitative or Qualitative?: The approach to the research question affects the choice of method. Quantitative methods (such as surveys) yield numerical data suitable for statistical analysis, while qualitative methods (e.g., observations, interviews) produce richer, more detailed information that can capture the complexities of social phenomena.
Sample Selection: The researcher chooses who or what will be studied in order to answer the research questions. Sampling techniques such as random, stratified, snowballing, or purposive sampling can be used.

Measurement: The concepts under examination are defined in measurable terms through the establishment of indicators or scales.
Data Collection Techniques: Depending on the chosen method, data may be collected using techniques like questionnaires, interviews, observation, or documentary analysis.

Data Analysis: The raw data collected is processed and analysed to identify patterns and draw insights. Quantitative data is often analysed statistically, while qualitative data may be coded and thematically analysed, among others.
Interpretation: The researcher interprets the analysed data in light of the hypothesis and relevant theories, aiming to answer the research question.

Validity and Reliability: The research quality is assessed in terms of its validity (does it measure what it claims to?) and reliability (are the findings consistent and repeatable?).
Generalisability: How representative are the findings? Can they be applied beyond the research sample to the wider population or other contexts?

Documentation and Dissemination: The researcher reports the research method, findings, their theoretical relevance and practical implications. This might be in a research paper, report, or presentation. Ensuring transparency and accessibility of the research allows other researchers to replicate, test, or apply the findings in other contexts.