The relationship between theory and methods

Positivist approach: Positivists believe in the application of scientific methods to sociology. They favour methods that yield quantitative and generalisable results, such as social surveys and structured interviews.
Interpretive approach: This approach focuses on gaining an in-depth understanding of social behaviour. They favour qualitative methods, like unstructured interviews and participant observations, which allows them to explore individuals’ meanings and interpretations.
Realist approach: Realists combine elements from both positivist and interpretivist approaches. They endorse the use of both quantitative and qualitative techniques, suggesting a mixed-methods approach can provide a more comprehensive understanding of social phenomena.

Formulation of hypothesis: Theory helps in establishing a hypothesis, or a testable prediction, in the research design. This is usually derived from existing theories or gaps identified in previous research.
Selection of concepts: The choice of concepts to be studied and measured is often guided by theoretical framework.
Choice of method: The researcher’s theoretical approach affects the choice of method. For instance, a study rooted in the conflict theory might use qualitative methods like interviews or case studies to delve into issues of power and inequality.
Development of research questions: The theory often helps shape the main questions and sub-questions of the research design.

Data analysis: Theoretical perspectives guide the analysis of data, by providing a framework for interpreting the findings.
Drawing Conclusions: The theoretical lens through which research is conducted often influences the type of conclusions drawn.
Theory Testing and Construction: Data analysis can lead to verification, modification, or rejection of an existing theory. It might also lead to the construction of new theories.

Theoretical considerations: Theoretical stance, validity, reliability, representativeness and feasibility can influence the choice of method.
Practical considerations: Time, money, and resources can impact the selection of research methods.
Ethical considerations: Researchers need to consider issues of informed consent, confidentiality, privacy, and potential harm to participants when choosing research methods.