Genetic Profiling

  • Genetic profiling, also known as DNA profiling, is a method used to identify individuals based on their unique DNA sequences.

  • It works by comparing specific areas of DNA where sequences vary greatly between individuals.

  • This process uses a variety of techniques including Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Gel electrophoresis.

  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used to create numerous copies of a specific region of DNA. This aides in analysis as a larger sample of DNA is then available.

  • The DNA is then cut into fragments using enzymes. These fragments are of different lengths based on the individual’s unique DNA sequence.

  • Gel electrophoresis is then used to separate the DNA fragments according to their size. The DNA fragments are placed in a gel and an electric current is applied. The smaller fragments move further in the gel than the larger ones, forming a pattern unique to the individual.

  • This pattern is basically the genetic ‘fingerprint’. Every individual’s genetic fingerprint is distinct unless they are identical twins.

  • Genetic profiling is used for many purposes including
    • Forensic science: It assists in solving crimes by comparing DNA found at a crime scene to a suspect’s DNA.
    • Paternity testing: It can definitively determine if a man is the biological father of a child by comparing DNA sequences.
    • Medical research: It helps scientists understand genetic diseases and develop treatments by comparing the DNA of affected individuals and those who are not affected.

  • Despite its benefits, genetic profiling also raises ethical issues concerning privacy and discrimination. If mishandled, DNA information can lead to unfair treatment or discrimination.

  • Additionally, while genetic profiling techniques are useful and effective, there is also potential for error, such as contamination of DNA samples which may lead to wrongful identification.

  • It is important to understand these limitations and ethical considerations when interpreting the results of genetic profiling.