Metal Extraction by Reduction of Oxides

Metals are often found in the Earth’s crust as ores, which are mineral deposits containing the metal in the form of a compound.
The metal extraction process usually involves the reduction of these metal oxides, a chemical reaction wherein the oxygen is removed from the metal ore.
Reduction is typically achieved by using a more reactive element to react with the oxygen in the metal oxide, displacing the metal and forming a new compound.
Carbon is most commonly used to reduce metal oxides in iron ores, as it is very reactive and widely available. This process is known as smelting. Carbon reacts with the oxygen in the metal oxide to produce carbon dioxide, effectively removing the oxygen from the metal.
For metals more reactive than carbon such as aluminium, electrolysis rather than the reduction of oxides is used for extraction.
The reduction process is used in metallurgy and is an essential portion of metal extraction and recycling.
It is important to use sustainable methods in metal extraction as traditional methods can have negative impacts on the environment, including deforestation and pollution.
Research is being conducted into new, more sustainable methods for metal extraction via reduction of oxides, such as employing bacteria or using less energy-intensive processes.
By understanding how metal extraction by the reduction of oxides works, we can better comprehend the potential environmental impact and work toward sustainable solutions.
Additionally, knowing how to extract metals from their ores contributes to understanding the circular economy, an alternate model to ‘take-make-dispose’, which focuses on reusing and recycling materials as much as possible.
The knowledge of these processes is key in the transition towards a more sustainable future, helping us to better utilise resources and reduce waste.