Diseases: Genetic Modification

Genetic modification involves changing the DNA of an organism, to produce desired characteristics, which can be helpful in treating diseases.
Genetic engineering can possibly treat genetic diseases by either adding, switching off, or changing certain genes in the bodies of patients.
It is important to understand the difference between altering the genes of somatic cells (body cells) and germline cells (sex cells). Changes in somatic cells only affect the individual treated, while alterations in germline cells impact both the individual and their potential offspring, as changes are inherited by future generations.
Some genetic diseases can potentially be cured through gene therapy. This involves introducing ‘healthy’ gene copies into patients suffering from diseases caused due to one or more malfunctioning genes.
Two methods of gene therapy exist - viral and non-viral techniques. Viral methods use modified viruses as ‘gene carriers’, while non-viral techniques involve physical or chemical means to introduce the healthy gene.
Genetic screening can help identify individuals who might have or carry certain genetic diseases before symptoms appear, which can lead to early treatment.
DNA sequencing is a technique applied to determine the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. It involves any method or technology that is used to ascertain the four-base order (A, T, G, and C) within a strand of DNA.
Genetic modification has ethical and social implications that require consideration. For example, there is an ongoing debate about the ethics of modifying germline cells, which can essentially lead to designer babies.
The concept of “somatic cell nuclear transfer” is key to the practical aspect of genetic modification. This technique is typically used when cloning animals or in stem cell research.
It’s important to understand the implications and risk involved in genetic modifications. They include risk of unintended harm, limited access due to high costs, unknown implications in the long term, and potential psychological impact on those with altered genes.
Despite the potential medical applications, stringent regulations are in place for genetic modification to ensure minimal risk and utilisation for ethical purposes only.

These key points should equip you with a foundational understanding of genetic modification in relation to diseases. Remember, in-depth understanding and proper application of these points is essential for mastering this topic.