Radiation and Risk: Cancer

Understanding ionising radiation is crucial; it’s a type of energy that can travel as particles or waves and has enough energy to ionise atoms - this means it can remove tightly bound electrons from the orbit of an atom, causing the atom to become charged or ionised.
Ionising radiation includes alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and X-rays.
While low levels of ionising radiation occur naturally, higher levels can be man-made, such as in medicine (X-rays and radiotherapy), industry (power generation and radiography), and research (nuclear and particle physics).
Exposure to ionising radiation is a risk factor for developing cancer. This is because the radiation can ionise atoms in the body’s cells and can lead to mutations in DNA. If not correctly repaired by the cell, these changes can lead to abnormal cell growth and potentially cancer.
It’s important to note that not all exposure to ionising radiation results in cancer. The risk is dependent on the dose of radiation, exposure time, and individual susceptibility.
Alpha particles are the least penetrating types of ionising radiation but can cause significant damage if inhaled, ingested, or enter the body through a wound.
The use of medical technology like X-rays or CT scans that expose us to ionising radiation must be carefully balanced against the benefits they provide in diagnosing and treating diseases.
It’s the responsibility of radiographers, nuclear power workers, and radiation researchers among others, to ensure that exposure to ionising radiation is as low as reasonably possible.
Nuclear fallout from incidents like the tragic events at Chernobyl or Fukushima serves as a stark reminder of the potential risks of ionising radiation. But it is important to remember that, when properly managed and controlled, the risks of ionising radiation are low compared to its benefits.
Radiation doses are measured in sieverts (Sv), which tell us the risk of harm from radiation. Occupations involving exposure to radiation will have annual dose limits to minimise the risk.
Despite the risk of cancer, ionising radiation plays a vital role in modern society, from the production of electricity in nuclear power stations to cancer treatment in hospitals. Awareness and understanding of both the dangers and benefits of ionising radiation can ensure its safe and effective use.