Geographical and environmental issues

Deforestation

Deforestation is the process by which forested areas are converted for non-forest use, often for agricultural purposes, logging, or urban development.
The primary impact of deforestation is the loss of biodiversity, as it destroys the habitats of many species.
Increased carbon dioxide emissions occur due to deforestation, as trees absorb CO2 and produce oxygen. Without trees, more CO2 remains in the atmosphere, contributing to climate change.
With fewer trees, there’s also a higher risk of soil erosion, which can lead to increased flooding and landslides.

Climate Change

Climate change refers to long-term alterations in global weather patterns, often attributed to human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels.
Rising global temperatures lead to the melting of ice caps and glaciers, resulting in sea levels rising, putting coastal regions at risk of flooding.
Climate change can cause more extreme weather events such as storms, droughts and heatwaves, and may disrupt agricultural cycles, impacting food security.

Air and Water Pollution

Air pollution is the release of harmful substances into the atmosphere, usually from burning fossil fuels. This can result in smog, acid rain, and respiratory problems in humans.
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, often due to industrial waste, agricultural runoff, or untreated sewage. This can harm aquatic ecosystems and make water unsafe for human use.

Endangered Species and Conservation

Endangered species are at risk of extinction due to habitat loss, climate change, poaching, or other threats. Their loss can affect biodiversity and disrupt ecosystems.
Conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species and their habitats. This can include setting up protected areas, implementing breeding programmes and laws to stop poaching or illegal trade.

Sustainability and Renewable Energy

Sustainability refers to fulfilling human needs without depleting or harming natural resources, thereby allowing future generations to meet their own needs.
Renewable energy is energy from sources that naturally replenish, such as sun, wind, and water. These alternatives to fossil fuels can reduce our carbon footprint and help combat climate change.