Landscape Design Principles

Balance

Balance in landscape design uses elements that are either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical balance offers mirror-like reflections while asymmetrical balance offers an informal, relaxed feel.
Symmetrical balance often characterises formal landscapes, where one side of the garden mirrors the other.
Asymmetrical balance pairs different elements which have equal visual weight or eye attraction, commonly used in contemporary or natural styles of landscape design.

Unity

The principle of unity, also known as harmony, refers to the perception of oneness or wholeness in a design.
Unity can be achieved through the use of consistent use of shapes, textures, and colours, and by repeating certain plants, hardscape materials, or other elements throughout the landscape.
This principle helps create a cohesive and appealing feel to the landscape architecture.

Proportion

Proportion refers to the size relationship between individual parts of the landscape and the design as a whole.
This principle involves the proper allowance for growth of plant materials to avoid overcrowding or underestimating the plant’s contribution to the overall garden scheme.

Rhythm and Line

Rhythm and line involves creating movement and flow by repeating certain elements or features in a sequence.
Rhythm is often achieved through the repetition of plant forms, colours, or similar shapes along a path.
Line refers to the direction the viewer’s eyes are led in a design, which can be guided by the arrangement of plants, paths, or hedges.

Emphasis and Focal Point

A focal point or a point of emphasis directs visual attention to a specific area or feature, usually a distinctive plant, structure, or a statue.
Focal points provides a sense of direction and hierarchy in a landscaped space.
Emphasis can be achieved by colour, shape, size, or their contrasts and rarities.

Color and Texture

Color is an influential principle that can set the mood of a garden and evoke emotions.
Landscape architects use color theory—warm vs. cool colors and color wheel schemes—to create variance or unity within their design.
Texture refers to how a surface feels or is perceived to feel. Textures in landscape design - fine, medium, or coarse - creates depth and interest in the garden.

Simplicity

Simplicity is keeping the design uncomplicated to avoid confusion and distraction.
This is achieved by reducing elements to their most essential forms, and by restricting the number of materials, colours, and plant species.
Over time, as the garden matures, simplicity often becomes more difficult to maintain.

By mastering these principles, aspiring landscape architects can create balanced, harmonious designs. These principles can be used in any landscape, no matter the size or style.