Plant anatomy and physiology

Plant anatomy and physiology

Plant Anatomy

  • Plant cells, like all living things, are the structural and functional units of plants.

  • Cell wall is a characteristic feature of plant cells, providing strength and support.

  • Nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, ribosomes, and vacuoles are important organelles in a plant cell.

  • A plant is divided into two major parts: the root system and the shoot system.

  • The root system comprises the roots, which anchor the plant, absorb water and nutrients from the soil, and store food.

  • The shoot system includes the stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds; it is responsible for photosynthesis, transportation, and reproduction.

Plant Physiology

  • Photosynthesis is the process plants use to convert sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into glucose for energy and oxygen.

  • Chlorophyll in the plant cells, especially those in leaves, is critical for photosynthesis; it captures light energy from the sun.

  • Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as leaves, stems and flowers.

  • Turgor pressure, the force exerted by water inside the cell against the cell wall, helps the plant maintain its shape.

  • Respiration in plants involves the breaking down of glucose (produced by photosynthesis) in the presence of oxygen to release energy.

Soil Science

  • Soil is made up of minerals, organic matter, water and air, supporting plant life by providing nutrients and water.

  • Soil horizons are distinct layers of soil, each with different properties and characteristics.

  • The water-holding capacity of soil, the total amount of water it can hold, depends on its texture and organic matter content.

  • Nutrient cycling involves the decomposition of organic matter by soil microbes, releasing nutrients into the soil that plants can absorb.

  • The pH of soil can affect the availability of nutrients and the growth of plants. Most plants prefer a pH between 6.0 and 7.0.

  • Soil erosion refers to the physical removal of soil by wind and water, which can be reduced by practices like crop rotation and contour ploughing.