Question 2: Comment On

Word Types

Literary texts are made up of words that have been deliberately chosen by the author. As you read a text you are looking for thought-provoking words that are rich in meaning. Such choices can evoke an emotional response from the reader, as they aim to stimulate the different senses such as, sight, sound, touch, taste and scent.

Familiarise yourself with the main word classes:

Noun

Person,Tom

Thing,house

Abstract - state or emotion that you cannot physically touch,anger

Verb

Action,climb

Event,raining

Situation,be, have

Adjective

Describes the noun,luxurious, red, messy

Adverb

Gives more information about a verb or adjective,nearly, quickly

Pronoun

Personal- Used in place of a noun, often to avoid repetition,

__Subjective __- acts as subjects of the verbs,I, you, we, he, she, it, they

__Objective __- acts as the objects of verbs and prepositions,me, you, us, him, her, it, them

Possessive- refer to something that is owned,mine, yours, hers, his, ours, theirs

__Reflexive __- referring back to the subject of the clause,myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

Preposition

Show the relationship between the noun and pronoun. Often explaining where something is,above, before, in, under, with

Conjunction (Connective)

Connect clauses, phrases and sentences

Co-ordinating conjunctions,For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So (In English grammar there are only seven and you do not place a comma before them!)

Sub-ordinating conjunctions,Whilst, After, Although, Because, Since(In English grammar there many and you must place a comma either directly before them or within the clause!)

Determiner Introduces the noun, a/an, the, this, those

Word or phrase that conveys a strong emotion and often followed by an exclamation mark.

Interjection

Language Techniques

You need to be able to scan through the text and identify which methods the writer has deliberately used for effect. Literary techniques have an emotional impact as they aim to stimulate the different senses such as, sight, sound, touch, taste and scent. They add flavour to a piece of writing and heighten meaning for the reader. Listed below are some common techniques (I remember them as MATES PROOF READ).

__Writers use some of these devices to make their writing more engaging: __

Metaphor

Figure of speech that gives meaning through a comparison which is not literal,The Headmaster is a dragon.

Alliteration

Using a succession of words that begin with the same letter,Timid Trevor tried to navigate.

Threes/List

A group of nouns, adjectives or verbs,Bold, courageous, gallant King.

Emotive Language

Stirs emotion in the reader through specific choices in vocabulary,The grieving, pot-bellied orphans were destitute.

Personification

Giving an object human characteristics,The trees danced gracefully in the tender sunshine.

Repetition

Reoccurring words or phrases,He was a very, very, naughty child.

Opinion

Offering your ideas and thoughts on a matter,Homework is a waste of time.

Onomatopoeia

Words that imitate the sound when spoken,ping, crashed, slurring

Facts/Figures

Numerical values that offer logical information,two men walked down the street, 72% of the population…

Rhetorical Question

Evoking a reasoning response from the reader by asking a question that doesn’t require an answer,This makes sense, does it not?

Exaggeration

Magnification or understatement about a matter,His leg was broken into thousands of pieces.

Allusion

Figure of speech that makes reference to a place, event, literary work, myth, art, etc. but it must be recognised by the intended audience.She is my Juliet.

Direct Address

Talking directly to the audience,You should buy this perfume!

Sentence Forms

Literary texts are formed through use of sentences. Successfully engaging pieces use a range of sentence forms or structures for effect.

__There are commonly five types of sentence forms in English: __

Minor

Word or phrase that can stand alone but still be understood without a verb,Hello. No! Okay, Fantastic.

Simple

A word or phrase that features one verb.This new car has broken down twice.

Compound

Features two verbs, as two independent clauses or two simple sentences are join together using a co-ordinating conjunction. (I call this the glue that holds them together and balances out the two sentences.) Each side of the co-coordinating conjunction must have a verb to keep it balanced.

_Co-ordinating conjunctions,_For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So, (In English grammar there are only seven and you do not place a comma before them!)This new car has broken down twice so I must take it back to the garage.

Complex

Features two verbs, as one independent clause is connected with one or more dependent clauses. The Sub-ordinating conjunction acts as the glue holding the clauses together.

Sub-ordinating conjunctions,Whilst, After, Although, Because, Since(In English grammar there many and you must place the comma either directly before them or within the clause!)This new car has broken down twice, since I bought it from the garage.

What I like about complex sentences is that you can reverse the clause order and it should bear the same meaning. You could write:Since I bought it from the garage, this car has broken down on me twice.

Compound-Complex

Features three or more verbs and one dependent clause and one or more independent clauses. You can merge the different sentences and place them in an order that will make sense, with accurate punctuation.Since I bought it from the garage, this car has broken down on me twice so I must take it back.

Name three types of nouns?

Your answer should include: Person / Thing / Object / Abstract

What is a quick method of remembering 14 language techniques?

Your answer should include: Mates / Proof / Read

List the co-ordinating conjunctions:

Your answer should include: For / And / Nor / But / Or / Yet / So