Hereditary and acquired genetic mutations

Hereditary and Acquired Genetic Mutations

Overview

• Genetic mutations are alterations in the genetic material of an organism.
• These mutations can be hereditary (passed from parent to child) or acquired (occur at some point during a person’s life).

Hereditary Mutations

• Hereditary mutations, or germline mutations, happen in the gametes (eggs or sperm) of a parent and can be passed onto their offspring.
• These mutations are present throughout a person’s life in virtually every cell in the body.
• Hereditary mutations are often responsible for genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis or haemophilia.

Acquired Mutations

• Acquired mutations, or somatic mutations, happen at some point during a person’s life and are only present in certain cells.
• These changes may be caused by environmental factors like UV radiation from the sun, or can occur if a mistake is made when DNA is copied during cell division.
• Acquired mutations cannot be passed onto the next generation, but can lead to conditions like cancer.

Effects of Mutations

• Mutations alter an organism’s DNA and can lead to changes in health or physical characteristics.
• Whether a mutation is beneficial, neutral, or harmful depends upon the specific alteration and the environment.
• For example, mutations that enable an organism to survive better in its environment can lead to evolution.

Understanding Genetic Mutations

• Genome sequencing and genetic testing are methods used to identify mutations.
• Understanding how mutations occur and why they can cause disease is crucial for advancing medical and biological research.
• Molecular biology and genetics play a key role in treating diseases caused by genetic mutations.