Allergies and allergens

Section 1: Definition and General Overview of Allergies and Allergens

  • An allergy is a reaction of the immune system to certain substances, known as allergens, that are generally harmless to most people.
  • This hypersensitive reaction is known as an allergic reaction.
  • Allergens can be encountered in a variety of ways including inhalation, ingestion, injection or direct skin contact.

Section 2: Common Allergens and Corresponding Reactions

  • Common allergens include dust mites, pollen, animal dander, insect stings, certain foods, and some medications.
  • When the body encounters the allergen, it produces a type of antibody called IgE which binds the allergen.
  • This binding triggers the release of substances like histamine, leading to an inflammatory response and typical allergy symptoms such as itching, sneezing, hives, swelling or, in severe cases, anaphylaxis.

Section 3: Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma

  • Allergic Rhinitis, often called hay fever, is a common allergic response to pollen or other airborne allergens.
  • Symptoms include sneezing, itching, congestion and a runny nose.
  • Asthma is a respiratory condition often triggered by allergens causing shortness of breath, chest tightness and wheezing.

Section 4: Diagnosis and Treatment

  • Allergies can often be diagnosed through skin prick tests or blood tests auditing for the presence of IgE antibodies specific to certain allergens.
  • Treatment usually involves avoiding known allergens and managing symptoms with medication such as antihistamines, corticosteroids, and decongestants.
  • Immunotherapy is a treatment model that involves regular injections or pills of small doses of the known allergen to desensitise the immune system over time.

Section 5: Effect of Allergies on Quality of Life

  • Allergies can severely affect an individual’s quality of life, limiting their activities, affecting their school or work performance and causing emotional distress.
  • Severe allergic reactions such as anaphylactic shock can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention.
  • Good management of allergies involves adherence to treatment plans and the modification of environments to limit exposure to allergens.