Primary and secondary immunodeficiency diseases

Section 1: Understanding Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency diseases occur when the immune system is not able to defend the body against diseases or infections effectively.
They can be categorised as primary or secondary based on whether they are congenital (present from birth) or acquired later in life.
Primary immunodeficiencies are due to genetic disorders, while secondary ones are usually acquired because of an external factor like a virus, malnutrition, or medical treatment.

Section 2: Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases

Primary immunodeficiency diseases are usually present at birth and are the result of genetic mutations.
There are more than 350 identified primary immunodeficiency diseases, including Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID), IgA deficiency, and Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID).
For example, patients with SCID lack functional T cells and B cells, the key components of the adaptive immune system.
Primary Immunodeficiencies can result in frequent and severe infections, slow growth, and an increased risk of autoimmune disorders and cancers.

Section 3: Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases

Secondary immunodeficiency diseases occur when an outside source or event such as infection, malnutrition, or medical treatment impairs the immune system.
HIV/AIDS is a well-known secondary immunodeficiency, caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) destroying a specific type of T cells, thereby weakening the immune system.
Other causes of secondary immunodeficiencies include ageing, diabetes, malnutrition, certain medications like corticosteroids or chemotherapy drugs, and radiation therapy.

Section 4: Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis of immunodeficiency diseases often involves blood tests, genetic testing, and into the patient’s health history.
Treatments depend on the underlying cause and severity, it may include medications like antibiotics for infections, Immunoglobulin (Ig) therapy for antibody deficiencies, and immunosuppressants for autoimmune disorders.
In severe cases, treatment options could involve Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) or Gene Therapy.

Section 5: Impact on Quality of Life

Immunodeficiency diseases can make individuals more susceptible to infections, leading to frequent hospital visits and a higher risk of severe complications.
Living with such conditions can greatly affect an individual’s quality of life due to the constant need for medical attention and the potential impact on their daily activities and mental health.
Management of these conditions often requires lifestyle modifications and adherence to long-term medication regimes.