Evidence to support conclusions/claims made

Scientific claims or conclusions are based on evidence, which usually takes the form of empirical data collected through observations or experiments.
In human biology, such evidence could be biochemical data (e.g., levels of certain molecules in the blood), genetic data, or physical data (e.g., blood pressure).
The use of controls (conditions that remain constant) and variable factors (conditions that change) are essential in experiments to ensure any observed differences are due to the variable being tested.
Measurement tools must be reliable and valid to ensure data collected accurately represents what is being measured.

Data should be analysed using appropriate statistical tests to discern significant differences or correlations.
Significance is usually indicated by a p-value; a p-value of less than 0.05 is generally considered significant in scientific research.
Graphs and tables are useful for visualising data and identifying trends, patterns, or anomalies.
Different types of graphs are used for different types of data, e.g., bar graphs for categorical data and scatter plots for continuous data.

Reliability of evidence refers to the consistency of the results when the experiment is repeated under the same conditions.
Validity refers to whether the experiment accurately measures what it is intended to measure.
Bias in experimental design, data collection, or interpretation of results can distort findings; it is important to recognise potential sources of bias.
Authors of scientific research should also note limiting factors and suggest how they might impact their conclusions.

Conclusions are usually communicated in a research paper, which includes an Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, and References.
The Methods section should detail how the research was conducted to allow for replication.
The Results section presents the data and findings.
The Discussion and Conclusion sections interpret the results in the broader context of what is already known about the topic.
Competent communicate of your findings is not just about conveying what you found, but also conveying the significance and implications of these findings.