Aspects of literary style: literary devices

Literary Devices in The Iliad

Metaphor and Simile

Homer frequently uses metaphors and similes in The Iliad, often in the form of epic or extended similes.
For instance, battles are often depicted through natural phenomena, comparing warriors to fierce animals or natural disasters.
Understanding these metaphors and similes can provide deeper insight into the characters, settings and themes in the epic.

Irony

Homer also employs irony, particularly dramatic irony. This is where the audience knows more about a situation than some of the characters.
Irony is used to add tension or convey particular emotions and messages.

Rhetorical Questions and Apostrophe

Rhetorical questions are used for dramatic effect and to engage the listener.
The Iliad also frequently uses apostrophe, where the speaker addresses someone who isn’t present or is unable to respond, like a god or a dead person.

Foreshadowing and Flashbacks

Homer uses foreshadowing to hint at future events. This not only creates suspense but also prepares the audience for future events.
Flashbacks serve to provide background information or context to current events.

Repetition and Epithets

Repetition is used extensively in The Iliad, it’s a signature of the oral tradition of the epic.
Homer uses epithets, adjectives or phrases that describe a quality of a person or thing (often referred to as Homeric epithets), that are commonly repeated. These epithets help to maintain the metre and assist in character recognition.

Imagery and Symbolism

Strong imagery is a characteristic of Homer’s style. It creates vivid mental pictures and aids in understanding and interpreting the text.
Symbolism in The Iliad is often related to the gods, death and the heroic code. Recognising these symbols can contribute to a deeper understanding of the themes and messages of the epic.

Emotive Language

Homer uses emotive language to evoke feelings in the listener and make the audience empathise with the characters.
It often accentuates the tragic and emotional situations in the epic, making the story more engaging.

By recognising these literary devices, you can gain a deeper understanding of the text and better appreciate Homer’s artistry and intent.