Understand the use of Homeric Greek

Homeric Greek vs Classical Greek

Homeric Greek is a dialect of Ancient Greek, different from the Classical Greek that you may primarily study. It is specifically the language used in the works of Homer, including The Iliad.
Due to its age, Homeric Greek has features and words which no longer exist in Classical Greek. Understanding these particularities is critical to comprehending The Iliad.

Homeric vocabulary can contain unusual and archaic words relating to the epic genre and the Mycenaean period. These can be different from their equivalents in Classical Greek and may appear idiosyncratic.
The syntax, or sentence structure, in Homeric Greek can sometimes be complex. Expect longer sentences and more subordination than in later Greek.
The kunstsprache or “art language” is a specific feature of Homer’s works. It’s a synthetic language combining different dialects and time periods of Greek.

A key feature of the Homeric dialect is the epic or Homeric simile. These are extended comparisons, often comparing heroic or epic events to commonplace or domestic ones. Understanding the structure and purpose of these similes can enrich interpretation and comprehension.
Epic similes can often be identified by key trigger words such as ‘as’ or ‘just as’.

Homeric Greek heavily employs oral formulae, which are reusable phrases or expressions. This links to the oral tradition of Homeric poetry. Recognising these formulae can simplify the reading process.
These formulae were most likely used to maintain the metre and make the verse easier to remember and to recite.

All Homeric poetry, including The Iliad, is written in dactylic hexameter. Understanding the metre will help you appreciate the rhythm and pace of the poem.
Homeric verses often end with a trochaic word or a succession of dactyls, creating what is known as a ‘feminine ending’. Recognising these endings can help understanding the rhythm of the verses.

Comprehension of the values and personality traits of Homeric heroes, their actions, motivations, and the outcomes of their choices, is crucial to grasping the poem’s themes and philosophical implications.
Homeric heroes operate within a code of honour and are driven by concepts like kleos (eternal fame) and aidos (sense of duty). Understanding these core ideas can make character actions and motivations clearer.