Metals and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy

Metals

Metals are a large group of substances characterised by properties such as high conductivity of heat and electricity, malleability and ductility.
In the periodic table, metals occupy the left side and centre, including alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, post-transition metals, and metalloids.
Metals have a unique atomic structure – the metal atoms are arranged in a highly organised lattice, and the outermost electrons are delocalised, creating a ‘sea of electrons’.
This structure leads to many of their characteristic properties such as high conductivity and malleability.

Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) spectroscopy is an analytical technique used for the detection of chemical elements.
It can be applied to the analysis of metals in various forms, allowing for identification and quantification of trace metals within a sample.
In ICP, the sample solution is nebulized into a fine spray, then introduced into a plasma flame that is about 6000-10000 degrees Celsius.
The high energy of the plasma causes the atoms of the elements in the sample to ionize, which results in the emission of light at characteristic wavelengths.
The emitted light is read by a spectrometer, and the wavelengths and intensities of the light give qualitative and quantitative information about the elements present.
The technique is highly sensitive, capable of detecting even trace amounts of metals, and can measure multiple elements simultaneously.

ICP spectroscopy can be used in the quality control of metal alloys, by identifying and quantifying the different metals present.
It is also used for environmental monitoring, to identify and measure the levels of potentially hazardous metals in soils, water or air.
It can aid in geological explorations by detecting and quantifying trace metals in mineral deposits.
The technique is highly accurate, reliable and efficient, making it a commonly used method in a wide variety of research and industrial contexts.