Neurotransmitters

Overview

Neurotransmitters are a type of chemical messenger which transmit signals across a chemical synapse from one neuron to another ‘target’ neuron.
They play a crucial role in the function of the central nervous system, which contains the brain and spinal cord.
The types, amount and functioning of neurotransmitters in the brain can influence behaviour, thoughts and feelings.

They are the body’s chemical messengers, transmitting information between nerve cells, or neurons.
Types of neurotransmitters include serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, among others.
Neurotransmitters make it possible for a signal to pass from one nerve end to another, continuing the signal pathway.

Disruptions or imbalances in neurotransmitter function can have profound effects on mental health, leading to disorders such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia.
Serotonin is closely associated with mood regulation, and low levels have been linked to depression.
Dopamine is involved in reward, motivation and the experience of pleasure, and has been associated with addiction, schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease.
The “fight or flight” response in stressful situations relies on the release of norepinephrine.

The effects of neurotransmitters have been studied using drugs that boost or inhibit their function. For example, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) increase serotonin availability in the brain to provide relief from depression.
Animal studies in lab settings also contribute to understanding the role neurotransmitters play in behavior and mental processes.

The relationship between neurotransmitters and behavior is complex and not fully understood. Imbalance does not guarantee a particular mental health issue, and presence of a certain mental health issue does not mean there is a certain neurotransmitter imbalance.
Significant ethical and practical issues exist around research, particularly in the use of animals in lab studies.
Reductive approach: critics argue focusing predominantly on the role of neurotransmitters underplays the influence of environmental factors, cognitive processes, and the impact of personal beliefs and attitudes.

H. W. Magoun: Demonstrated the role of neurotransmitters in the ascending reticular activating system, influencing attention.
Julius Axelrod: Won the Nobel prize for his work on the action of neurotransmitters at nerve endings.
Arvid Carlsson: Pioneered research into dopamine’s role as a neurotransmitter, providing a basis for understanding disorders such as Parkinson’s and psychosis.