Performance

Overview of Performance in Sport and Physical Activity

• Performance in sport and physical activity focuses not just on physical prowess, but also on understanding the impact of psychological, sociological and cultural factors.
• The term encompasses both an individual’s specific ability within a sport or activity, and the broader effect of these factors on the individual’s overall potential.

Factors Affecting Performance

Psychological Factors

• Motivation is fundamental, connecting directly to an individual’s performance. It can derive from internal sources (e.g., personal satisfaction) or external sources (e.g., rewards or recognition).
• Understanding and managing stress and anxiety can significantly influence performance. Techniques may range from relaxation exercises to mental rehearsals (like visualisation).
• The ability to concentrate and maintain focus, or attention control, is central in many sporting contexts.
• The key role of self-confidence in sporting performance is often linked to previous success, preparation, and positive self-talk.

Sociological Factors

• Social support can arise from family, peers, and coaches and greatly impact performance. Positive support can boost confidence and motivation.
• The larger socio-economic environment can shape performance through providing (or limiting) access to facilities, resources, and opportunities.
• Cultural norms and values around sport and physical activity can influence performance. For example, societal beliefs around gender roles in certain sports can both impede and foster improvement.

Cultural Factors

• Cultural identity can shape perceptions and performances within sport. For instance, norms and expectations within one’s ethnic or cultural group can impact engagement.
• Globalisation and the spread of Western ideals have led to an increased focus on winning and measuring sport success through victory, influencing performance expectations.
• Greater cultural diversity in sport impacts performance by broadening views, experiences, and practices.

Enhancing Performance

• There are numerous strategies for enhancing performance, incorporating psychological training (like mental conditioning), sociological interventions (like creating positive and inclusive spaces), and cultural awareness programs.
• Regular feedback can support performance improvement, providing individuals with constructive information on progress and areas for development.
• Emphasising the importance of practice and preparation, both physically and mentally, is key to achieving a better performance in sport and physical activity.

Ethical Considerations in Performance

• Striving for performance can sometimes lead to ethical issues, such as the use of performance-enhancing drugs or pressure to compete when injured.
• Understanding and promoting fair play and sportsmanship is crucial in maintaining ethical standards in the pursuit of performance.
• It’s important to address discrimination and inequality in sport, ensuring participation and performance opportunities are fair and accessible for all, regardless of socio-cultural background.