Types of Observations

Naturalistic observation: This type of observation occurs in the individual’s natural setting, like home or workplace, without any interference.
Controlled observation: This involves observing behaviour in a controlled environment where variables can be manipulated.
Participant observation: In this methodology, the observer becomes part of the group being observed to understand their behaviours more closely.
Non-participant observation: Here, the observer remains separate from the group being observed and doesn’t interact with them.

Stages in an Observation

Define the behaviour: Clearly define the behaviours that are to be observed. This increases reliability and validity.
operationalizing: Make the behaviour measurable and observable.
Coding systems: Devise a coding system to record behaviours. This makes data easier to analyse.
Pilot study: Conduct a trial run to ensure the coding system and observational procedures are effective.

Structured or unstructured: In structured observations, a specific behaviour is focused on. Unstructured observations record all behaviour.
Overt or covert: In overt observations, participants are aware they are being observed. In covert observations, they are unaware.
Inter-rater reliability: This is the level of agreement in the recording of observations by different researchers.

Observer bias: Observers might interpret or notice things that align with their expectations.
Reactivity: Participants might change their behaviour if they know they are being observed.
Ethical considerations: Covert observations can raise issues of consent and deception.
Time and resource heavy: Observations, particularly naturalistic ones, could take a lot of time and resources.