The Significance of the Main Changes in Politics and Government (1485-1603)

The Reign of Henry VII (1485-1509)

Creation of Star Chamber Court: This court had the power to deal with nobility who were considered too powerful for ordinary courts. It marked a step in centralising power around the monarchy.
Bonds and recognisances: Henry VII used bonds and recognisances extensively to ensure the loyalty of his nobles. They were required to promise large sums of money to the king if they broke the law.
Reduced power of the nobility: By limiting private armies and demanding financial assurance of loyalty, Henry VII signified a change in the role and power of the nobles, shifting the balance towards central government.

Reformation Parliament: To solve his Great Matter, Henry VIII used parliament to legislate his break from Rome, giving parliament a central role in government and creating a legislative independence from the Pope.
Creation of the Church of England: The Act of Supremacy (1534) made Henry the head of the new Church, centralising religious power in the Crown, affecting politics and power dynamics significantly.
Dissolution of the Monasteries: This not only greatly increased the wealth and power of Henry VIII, but also drastically changed aspects of society and the economy, leading to significant political changes.
Royal Supremacy: The king’s powers increased at the expense of the nobility and Church, leading to a distinct form of government show by Henry asserting control over the Church and nobility.

Protestant Reformation: Under Edward VI, further steps were taken to establish Protestantism, with changes in the prayer book and church services. Mary I however, attempted to reverse these changes, leading to period of religious upheaval.
Role of the Privy Council: During Edward VI’s minority reign, power was held by a regency council, shifting from an absolute monarchy to a more shared system of governance. This formed a more bureaucratic government structure.

Religious Settlement: Elizabeth’s religious settlement aimed at settling the religious divisions, and this, along with her decision never to marry, made the Church a central political institution.
The naval expansion: The support of naval exploration and the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 marked the start of England’s emergence as a global power.
Parliament’s role in governance: Parliament’s power grew during Elizabeth’s reign. Its involvement was necessary for the approval of taxes and legislation, enhancing its role in governance.
The policy of Gloriana: Elizabeth promoted the image of herself as a virgin queen married to her kingdom. This cemented her position, reduced challenges and saw the blossoming of a golden age of culture and arts.