The Impact of the Economic Crises (1918-1939)

Economic Impact of Crises (1918 - 1939)

After the conclusion of World War 1, Britain experienced a Post-War boom with high levels of demand, but this period ended sharply in the economic downturn of the 1920s.
The 1920s in Britain were characterised by economic stagnation, high unemployment, particularly in the North of England, Scotland and Wales, and deflation.
Failing industries such as coal, shipbuilding, and steel had severe consequences for areas like South Wales and Durham, whilst new industries were emerging in the South of England, leading to internal migration.
The exacerbating conditions, including the hunger marches, lead to the development of a Jarrow Crusade for jobs in 1936.

Political Impact and Reforms

The labour government of Ramsay MacDonald saw the onset of the Great Depression in Britain in 1929, leading to the highest rate of unemployment and poverty.
The economic crisis led to political crisis with the Labour government falling apart and being replaced with a National government in 1931.
The implementation of economic protectionist measures such as the Import Duties Act 1932 aimed at protecting British industries from foreign competition.
The National government introduced several measures to tackle unemployment, including Public Works Schemes, the establishment of ‘Special Areas’ (1934) for government investment, and housebuilding schemes.

Social Impact of Crises

The widespread and persistent levels of unemployment during this period led to social unrest and protests, most notably, the 1936 Jarrow Crusade.
Unemployment and poverty intensified existing social problems, including inadequate housing and living conditions, particularly in industrial areas.
A divide in wealth and opportunities became more apparent between the South and the North, creating a social and economic regional divide.

Continuity

Despite the economic depressions, certain sectors in the economy such as the motor industry and electrical goods prospered during the interwar years.
Economic inequality persisted, with high levels of poverty and despair amongst the working class in contrast to the wealth of the upper and rising middle classes, especially in southern England.
Despite government intervention, unemployment remained a major issue. Even in 1939, on the eve of WWII, there were still over a million people unemployed.

Cultural Impact and Continuity

The hardship of the Great Depression and life in the 1920s and 1930s greatly influenced British literature and art, with the emergence of a more social realist approach.
The nationalistic pride remained strong, even in the face of economic calamity. The British Monarchy and the Church were still significant cultural and social institutions providing steadiness.
Traditional societal norms and values, such as the importance of the family unit, were still upheld, even as the hardships forced many women into work.