Change and Continuity in the Wales of the Princes (1240-1282)

Changes and Continuity in The Wales of the Princes (1240-1282)

Political Landscape

Following the death of Llywelyn the Great in 1240, the Welsh political framework was significantly disrupted. Welsh principalities were divided between his sons, leading to internal fragmentation and territorial disputes.
Dafydd ap Llywelyn took over as the Prince of Gwynedd in 1240, but his rule was challenged by his younger brother, Owain. This sibling rivalry weakened the central power and destabilised the region.
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd’s consolidation of power by 1255 was a major turning point. He became the sole ruler of a united Gwynedd and later extended his influence over much of Wales, earning the title ‘Prince of Wales’.
The Treaty of Montgomery in 1267 marked a significant change. The English King recognised Llywelyn as Prince of Wales, formalising his dominance but also acknowledging his vassal status to the English crown.

Social and Cultural Continuity

Throughout this period, the Welsh society and culture remained largely unaltered. The native system of customs, law, language, and traditions continued with little disruption.
Bardic culture and the Eisteddfod continued to flourish, enhancing the cultural prestige of Wales and promoting a distinctive national identity.
The “Cyfraith Hywel” or Welsh law was still practised in many areas, even under increasing English influence.

Religious Developments

North Wales remained the heartland of Welsh Christianity during this period, lead by monastic orders like the Cistercians in places such as Aberconwy and Strata Florida.
However, there was an increase in the influence of English religious institutions and practices, particularly in areas along the Marcher, where many parishes became appropriated to English religious houses.

Economic Changes

While agro-pastoral subsistence economy remained the staple, there was gradual integration with English and European markets.
Welsh products like cattle, wool, and timber found emerging markets in England and beyond, reflecting a slow progression towards a market economy.

English Incursion and Conquest

Llywelyn ap Gruffudd’s power was seriously threatened following the rise of Edward I. His efforts to defy English control led to the two Anglo-Welsh wars in 1277 and 1282.
The death of Llywelyn in 1282 marked the end of native Welsh rule. The region was directly annexed by England, turning a new chapter in Welsh history.