Change and Continuity in the Governance of Wales (1240-1282)

The Dynamics of Power (1240-1282)

Welsh territories were divided among sons after Llywelyn the Great’s death in 1240, heralding an era of internal tension and territory disputes.
Dafydd ap Llywelyn succeeded as Prince of Gwynedd in 1240 but faced opposition from his own brother, the infighting contributing to regional destabilisation.
The rise of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd by 1255 was a significant shift, as he united Gwynedd under his rule and extended influence across much of Wales, becoming ‘Prince of Wales’.
Through the Treaty of Montgomery in 1267, the English king recognised Llywelyn as Prince of Wales, symbolising his dominance across Wales but also his subservience to English power.

Continuity and Disruption in Welsh Governance

Predominantly, traditional Welsh governance persisted, with local lords and princely courts holding authority, particularly in the North.
Welsh law or ‘Cyfraith Hywel’ remained in operation in several areas, even amidst expanding English influence.
Despite this, English administrative systems and norms crept into Welsh governance, especially in areas adjacent to the Marches.

The Interplay of Religion in Governance

Religious institutions, particularly the Cistercian monasteries, held sway in North Wales, retaining control over properties and influencing regional policy.
Increasingly, English religious institutions made their mark, particularly near the Marcher region, appropriating many parishes, and thereby subtly shifting the balance of power.

Economic Factors in Governance

Despite maintaining a largely agrarian economy, Wales saw a gradual integration with English and European markets.
Trade of Welsh products like wool, cattle and timber began to impact governance, as areas of economic activity became more closely bound to English systems.

English Control and the End of Native Rule

The ascendancy of Edward I posed a major threat to Llywelyn ap Gruffudd’s reign, culminating in the two Anglo-Welsh wars of 1277 and 1282.
The death of Llywelyn in 1282 signaled the end of native Welsh rule and marked the direct annexation of Wales by England, dramatically transforming Welsh governance.