Evaluation of Arguments From Observation

Evaluation of Arguments From Observation

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The Teleological Argument (Design Argument)

• David Hume’s Critiques: Contends that order and purpose seen in the world does not necessarily imply design. Comparison of the universe to a machine problematic due to lack of similarity.
• Darwinian Challenge: The theory of evolution presents a naturalistic explanation for complexity and apparent design in biology, which does not require a designer.

The Cosmological Argument

• Impossibility of Infinite Regress: Bertrand Russell’s critique questions whether it’s necessary or meaningful to seek an originating cause for the universe.
• Lack of empirical evidence: There is no empirical evidence to demonstrate that everything in the universe has a cause and effect relationship.

Moral Argument

• Euthyphro Dilemma: This ancient philosophical problem questions whether something is good because God commands it, or whether God commands things because they are inherently good. Raises queries about the nature and origin of moral law.
• Existence of Evil: The existence of evil and suffering in the world poses a challenge to the argument that a perfectly good and powerful God exists.

Ontological Argument

• Critique by Immanuel Kant: Argues that existence is not a predicate or quality. Therefore, the premise that God is a perfect being and must exist because existence is a component of perfection is flawed.
• Reductio ad absurdum critiques: Demonstrates that if the structure of the ontological argument is sound, it could lead to absurd conclusions. For example, the existence of a perfect island.