Natural Law

Natural Law:

• Natural Law is a normative ethical theory which suggests that moral laws can be discovered by reason and are universally applicable to all individuals, regardless of cultural, religious, or personal beliefs.

• It places a strong emphasis on the inherent rationality of human beings, asserting that we have a natural inclination towards certain ‘good’ actions or behaviours, and that these inclinations can guide us in discerning moral law.

• The origins of Natural Law theory can be traced back to the ancient Greek philosophers, but its most influential formulation comes from the 13th-century theologian Thomas Aquinas.

• According to Aquinas, there are four types of law: Eternal, Divine, Natural and Human Law, with Natural Law being the means through which human beings participate in the Eternal Law.

• Aquinas also introduced the notion of the ‘Primary and Secondary Precepts’. The Primary Precepts represent universal, basic moral rules, such as ‘Preserving Life’ and ‘Living in Society’. Secondary Precepts are derived from the application of reason to the Primary Precepts.

• Following Natural Law is believed to contribute to what Aquinas calls ‘flourishing’ or the ‘Supreme Good’, which aligns with the theological concept of beatitudo - true happiness or bliss.

• Despite being based on the premise of natural human inclination towards the good, Natural Law recognises that people can go against their nature, resulting in bad actions. This is sometimes referred to as the doctrine of ‘original sin’.

• Critics of Natural Law often highlight the theory’s inflexibility, potential cultural bias, and reliance on subjective interpretation. Some also question its belief in universal human nature.

• Despite its critics, Natural Law continues to be influential, particularly in fields such as medical ethics and law, and in Catholic moral theology.

• Understanding Natural Law is key to discussing and debating about ethics, morality, and the role of rationality in guiding human behaviour.