Free Will

• The conceptualization of free will deals with the ability for individuals to make choices independently, free from coercion or other external influences. For theistic beliefs, this implies a simultaneous belief in divine omniscience (God’s foreknowledge of all actions).

• Dilemma of determinism: It’s an important philosophical question whether if divine foreknowledge of all actions is true, our actions can be truly free? The determinism aspect implies that all events, including moral choices, are caused or determined by prior events.

• The intricate balance between divine predestination and human free will is a major theme in many religious beliefs. Predestination posits that all events are predetermined by God.

• Theistic compatibilism tries to balance God’s sovereignty and human free will, suggesting that these two beliefs are not mutually exclusive. It argues that God’s knowledge of our future actions doesn’t restrict our ability to act freely.

• Libertarianism, on the other side, posits that individuals have the power to act and think free from any constraints; this includes divine foreknowledge.

• The ‘free will defence’ in the field of theodicy postulates that God allows evil in the world as a result of granting human beings with free will. This argument suggests that ‘freedom to’ do good implies ‘freedom to’ do evil.

• Moral responsibility and free will: From a religious standpoint, moral responsibility is typically tied to the belief in free will. It’s suggested that without free will, individuals cannot be morally accountable for their actions.

• Process theology suggests that God cannot have complete knowledge of the future, as the future is not determined but rather open to possibilities as a result of free will. This perspective values the reality of free will by limiting divine omniscience.

• Negative and positive freedom: This is the difference between ‘freedom from’ influences that limit our options, and ‘freedom to’ realise our own will. In relation to God, it’s important to understand this distinction.

• Remember that the discussions surrounding free will are diverse and often complex. Always ensure that you fully understand each argument’s premises and conclusions and the different religious perspectives on the issue.