Nationalism: Tensions

Nation states are territories in which the population shares a common identity (national identity) and governance is in the hands of that nation.
Multi-national states incorporate people from different nations within their borders, which can often spark tension as minorities may feel overlooked or oppressed by the dominant nation.
Tensions can rise if inequitable treatment or unjust policies are enacted against specific nations, often leading to secessionist movements.

Ethno-nationalism defines nationhood in terms of ethnicity, emphasising a shared heritage, which includes shared culture, language, and belief in a common ancestry.
Civic nationalism, on the other hand, defines nationhood in terms of citizenship within the state. In this idea, a nation is defined by its shared ownership of political institutions.
Tensions may arise if there is an imbalance in favor of ethno-nationalism which can lead to exclusion of minority groups and non-ethnic citizens.

Expansionist nationalism, also known as integral or unabashed nationalism, is a radical form of nationalism that incorporates chauvinism and the belief in the superiority or dominance of a nation.
Anti-colonial nationalism rises against imposition by foreign powers or colonisers and seeks to regain independence.
The tension between these forms is often a tension between dominance over others and the fight for freedom and self-determination.

Liberal nationalism is a form of nationalism identified by political philosophers who believe in a non-xenophobic form of nationalism compatible with liberal values of freedom, tolerance, equality, and individual rights.
Conservative nationalism is a variant of nationalism that stresses the value of traditional institutions, and practices conservatism on both cultural and national issues.
The tension between these two forms usually centres around issues of inclusivity, role of state and tradition.

Nationalism places the emphasis on the interests of a nation or a group of nations. It tends to foster patriotism and feelings of loyalty towards one’s own nation.
Internationalism seeks greater economic and political cooperation across nations for common goals, often valuing global unity and cooperation above national boundaries.
Tensions arise between internationalist ideals (global cooperation, shared goals, interdependence) and nationalist ideals (self-sufficiency, independence, national interest).