The EU: Roles and Functions

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EU Institutions Composition

European Commission: An institution whose primary role is to represent the interests of the EU as a whole. It has the sole right to propose new EU legislation.
Council of the EU: Composed of ministers from each EU country. Its role is to coordinate ministers’ actions, negotiate and adopt legislative acts, coordinate foreign policy, and more.
European Parliament: Elected directly by EU citizens to represent their interests. It examines and amends proposed legislation.

Ordinary legislative procedure: Most EU laws are adopted through this process. It consists of three readings, with the possibility of a conciliation committee if the Council and the Parliament can’t agree after two readings.
Consultation procedure: Certain areas require consultation with the Parliament and/or other committees, but the Council has the final say.
Assent procedure: The Parliament’s approval is required for certain decisions.

Treaty of Rome (1957): Established the European Economic Community (EEC) with six members: Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.
Series of Enlargements: Beginning from the 1970s, the EU experienced a series of enlargements that increased its membership to 28 countries by 2013.

European Communities Act 1972: Made EU law supreme over UK law.
Human Rights Act 1998: Incorporated parts of the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law.
EU law has significantly influenced UK law in areas such as consumer protection, employment rights and environmental protection.

EU (Withdrawal) Act 2018 repealed the European Communities Act 1972 and ended the supremacy of EU law in the UK.
The UK negotiated a Withdrawal Agreement, which preserves some EU rules and procedures for a transition period.
The future relationship between the EU and the UK is largely subject to negotiation.