Federal courts: Structure

Introduction to Federal Courts

The United States federal courts form the judiciary branch of the federal government of the United States.
They operate under a hierarchical structure and are responsible for interpreting the US Constitution, laws, and federal regulations.
This system is distinct from state courts, which operate under each respective state’s constitution and laws.

District Courts: These are the trial courts in the federal system, hearing both civil and criminal cases. There are 94 district courts across the US.
Circuit Courts or Courts of Appeal: These are the intermediate appellate courts. They hear appeals from the district courts. There are 13 Courts of Appeal in total.
Supreme Court: This is the highest court in the federal system. It has nine justices nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate.

Federal Question Jurisdiction: Federal courts can hear any case where the plaintiff’s claim arises under the US Constitution, federal laws, or treaties.
Diversity Jurisdiction: Federal courts can also hear cases between residents of different states where the amount in controversy exceeds a specific value.
Federal judges hold their position for life, unless they resign, retire, or are removed after impeachment.

Judicial Review: Federal courts have the power to review the constitutionality of legislation or governmental action.
Interpreting Laws: They interpret and apply federal laws and the US Constitution.
Adjudication: They resolve disputes between parties, including government entities, and rule on criminal cases.

Critics argue that lifetime appointments can lead to stagnation and a lack of diversity within the judiciary.
The federal courts have been accused of being too political, as judges are appointed by the President, leading to potential bias and partisanship.
The distinct separation between state and federal jurisdictions may lead to complications and disagreements over the interpretation and application of the law.