An evaluation of the reasons for the British policy of appeasement, 1936-38

Fear of Warfare

Dread of War: The carnage of World War I had a profound impact on Britain, sparking a desire to avoid another such conflict at all costs. Consequently, British leaders viewed appeasement as a means to prevent war.
Military Unpreparedness: In the interwar period, Britain’s economy and military underwent downsizing and restructuring. Their capacity to wage war was, in reality, highly limited during this time, influencing their strategy of appeasement instead of confrontation.

Economic Issues

Great Depression Impact: The economic turmoil of the 1930s left Britain economically weakened. They sought to reduce the risk of further economic decline brought about by conflict.
Cost of Rearmament: Simultaneous with efforts of appeasement, Britain was engaged in a program of rearmament – a process that was draining on the nation’s finances.

Moral and Empathetic Arguments

Perceived Injustice of the Treaty of Versailles: There was widespread belief that the treaty was too harsh on Germany. This led to sympathy for German demands, with appeasement seen as a way to partially redress the perceived wrongs.
Faith in Hitler’s Promises: Initially, some British politicians believed Hitler’s claims that his territorial ambitions were limited, which contributed to their policy of appeasement.

Diplomacy and Realpolitik

Limited Alternatives: There was a genuine belief among British leaders that appeasement was the most pragmatic policy, given the alternatives.
Balance of Power: As part of their traditional ‘balance of power’ policy, Britain may have viewed a stronger Germany as a viable counterweight against communist USSR.

Isolationism and Lack of Support

Isolationist USA: Britain couldn’t count on American support in exerting military pressure on Germany, as the USA was practicing a policy of isolationism.
Disengagement of Dominions: Commonwealth countries like Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa were becoming more independent and could not be relied upon to provide military support.

Appeasement as a Stall for Time

Gaining Time to Rearm: Some historians suggest that a hidden motive behind appeasement was to stall for time so Britain could build up its military capabilities.

Conclusively, Britain’s policy of appeasement was a complex issue with multiple causes, including fear of war, economic factors, moral arguments, realpolitik considerations, and pressing concerns of strategic importance.