An evaluation of the reasons for the Revolution Settlement of 1688-89

Key Causes and Context Leading to the Revolution Settlement

Religious Tensions: A significant cause was the fear of Catholic resurgence under James II’s rule. His policies promoting religious tolerance were seen as favouring Catholics, leading to a lack of trust and dissent among Protestant nobility.
Political Disagreements: James II’s use of his royal prerogative to bypass parliament stirred discontent. His policies, such as appointing Catholics to higher offices and military positions, were viewed as threats to the Protestant establishment, causing alarm among the governing elites.
Cultural Fears: The prevalent fear of French absolutism shaped concerns that James II sought to create an absolute monarchy in England, undermining traditional English liberties. This fear was heightened by James’s close relationship with Louis XIV.

Key Events Triggering the Revolution Settlement

Birth of James Francis Edward: The birth of a Catholic heir in 1688 added urgency to the concerns of Protestant elites. It raised the possibility of a Catholic dynasty in England, prompting immediate action.
Invitation to William of Orange: Seven influential English nobles invited William of Orange, a Protestant and husband to James’s daughter Mary, to intervene. They hoped that William would protect Protestant liberties, and his ambition for the English throne provided the catalyst for direct action.

Legislative Changes and Outcomes of the Revolution Settlement

Bill of Rights 1689: This document established constitutional law, limiting the powers of the monarch while entrenching key civil liberties. It reinforced the significance of parliamentary consent for key areas of governance.
Toleration Act 1689: While it granted freedom of worship to non-conformist Protestants, it reinforced the legal establishment of Anglicanism, ensuring that Protestant ascendancy remained intact.
Act of Settlement 1701: This Act was a longer-term consequence, setting the precedence for the Protestant line of succession to the English throne.

Overall Assessment

Bloodless Revolution: The Settlement was largely non-violent and bloodless, often referred to as the “Glorious Revolution”. James II, rather than fight, chose to go into exile, reducing potential conflict and violence.
Foundations of Constitutional Monarchy: The Settlement laid the ground for the development of constitutional monarchy. It limited royal prerogative, reinforcing parliamentary sovereignty and securing Protestant rule.
Establishment of Religious Tolerance: Despite maintaining Protestant ascendancy, the Settlement paved the way for a broader religious freedom, contributing to more tolerant attitudes over time.

When revising, remember to examine the interplay between religious, political and cultural factors in triggering the Settlement. Also note the significance of specific events and figures. Lastly, consider the immediate and long-lasting outcomes of the Settlement, both in terms of governance and societal values.