An evaluation of the reasons for the growth of tension in Ireland, to 1914

Political Factors

The Home Rule Bill of 1912 stimulated considerable conflict in Ireland, as its proposal of self-government drew support from nationalists but fierce opposition from unionists, particularly in Ulster.
The formation of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and the Irish Volunteer Force (IVF) arose as direct militaries to the Home Rule Bill, intensifying the sectarian divide in Ireland.
The Curragh Mutiny of 1914 raised tensions, posing a threat to British authority when British army officers stationed in Ireland refused to act against unionists opposing Home Rule.

Economic Factors

The Industrialisation across the early 20th century led to a growth of distinct economic disparity. Belfast and Dublin became industrial powerhouses, while the rural west remained relatively impoverished, contributing to regional and class tensions.
Land Reform, while successful in quelling agrarian unrest to some extent, also stirred discomfort as landowners resisted the attacks on their economic position.

Social and Religious Factors

Deep-rooted sectarian division between Protestants and Catholics ignited a strong sense of ‘them and us,’ with each reliably backing nationalist and unionist causes.
Each community had its own educational system reinforcing their own narrative of religious and national identity, thus exacerbating cultural separation.

International Influences

The proposed Home Rule Bill prompted responses from the wider British Empire, both in support and opposition, causing further international diplomatic tensions.
The Boer War (1899-1902) saw Irish involvement on both sides, reflecting the split in Irish public opinion over involvement in British colonial wars. The treatment of the Boers also discouraged nationalists from wanting to remain within the Empire.