Theoretical perspectives of education: Feminist

Gender Bias in Curriculum: Feminists argue that the curriculum often presents men’s experiences as universal, while women’s experiences are ignored or marginalised.
Hidden Curriculum: Schools indirectly perpetuate gender stereotypes through the hidden curriculum. This includes teacher expectations, learning materials, and division of labour in schools.
Patriarchal Structures: Feminists point to the patriarchal nature of the education system, which may contribute to the underachievement of girls. This includes more male headteachers, lack of female authors in the curriculum, and schools discouraging girls from pursuing typical “male” subjects.

Liberal Feminism: Liberal feminists, like Sue Sharpe, argue for equal opportunities for boys and girls. They believe changes in socialisation and the culture of schools can reduce gender inequalities in education.
Radical Feminism: Radical feminists, like Dale Spender, suggest that schools produce patriarchal values. They argue for more women in positions of power and separate schooling for girls.
Postmodern Feminism: Postmodern feminists, like Judith Butler, argue the binary concept of gender limits opportunities for both genders. They advocate a more fluid approach to gender in schools.

‘Boys Crisis’: Some argue that feminist critiques of education overlook the underachievement of boys, especially those from working-class or minority ethnic backgrounds.
Overemphasis on Gender: Not all educational issues can be attributed to gender. Other factors, such as social class and ethnicity, also play a significant role.
Diversity of Female Experiences: Many critics argue that feminist theories often generalise women’s experiences and do not consider the intersection of gender, race, and class.

Gender Equitable Policies: Feminist critiques have led to policies such as the Gender Equality Duty 2007, promoting gender equality in education.
Breaking Down Stereotypes: Initiatives like the WISE campaign (“Women into Science and Engineering”) challenge gender stereotypes and encourage girls to pursue these subjects.
Greater Awareness: Feminist perspectives have made society more aware of the subtle ways schools can reinforce gender inequalities.