Theories of development: modernisation

Concept of Modernisation

Modernisation theory blossomed in the late 19th and 20th century and is rooted in the philosophical tradition of Enlightenment, with origins from the industrial revolution in Europe.
It is based on the premise that the ‘modern’ industrial societies of the West represent the optimal societal standard.
Modernisation theorists believe that traditional societies in Africa, Asia, and Latin America could achieve economic prosperity and social stability by adopting Western values, institutions, and technology.

Paths of Modernisation

The path to modernisation is seen by its proponents as an evolutionary process that parallels the societal changes Europe experienced during industrialisation.
Urbanisation, education, and industrialisation are perceived as imperative components of this process.
The transition from agrarian to electrically powered manufacturing industries is considered a central part of modernisation.

Role of the State

In the modernisation perspective, the state plays a central role in driving societal changes.
It is tasked with creating market-oriented economies, implementing land reforms, and building infrastructure to foster economic growth.
The state is also expected to invest in public education and health to improve human capital.

Criticism

Critics argue that modernisation theory is a veil for western imperialism, imposing Western norms and values on other societies without consideration for cultural differences.
They highlight its ethnocentric perspective that considers Western lifestyle as universal and superior.
Critics also point out that it fails to address the structural disadvantages and limitations such countries may face, such as lack of resources or political instability.

Dependency Theory

The emergence of dependency theory as an alternative signifies a strong critique of modernisation theory.
It suggests that underdevelopment in the Global South is a direct result of exploitation and control by advanced capitalist nations.

Modernisation in the 21st Century

The concept of modernisation has evolved and continues to influence development strategies.
Today, modernisers advocate for inclusive institutions and governance reforms to combat corruption and improve social welfare.
Nevertheless, the debate on how societies should develop, at what cost and who should define this pathway, is still very much alive.