Theories of power and politics: Elite Theories

Classical Elite Theory

Classical Elite Theory: This theory, primarily associated with Vilfredo Pareto and Gaetano Mosca, posits that all societies inevitable form elites, a small group of individuals who command disproportionate power and influence.
Elite Circulation: Pareto’s concept of the “circulation of elites” suggests that even when social revolutions occur, the new society will also be led by an elite. The old elites are replaced by new ones, but elite rule continues.
Political Incompetence of the Masses: Mosca argued that the masses are incapable of governance due to lack of expertise, education, and interest in politics. Some argue this perspective can fuel elitism and undervalue the potential of participatory democracy.

The Power Elite Theory

Power Elite Theory: This theory, formulated by C. Wright Mills, suggests that American democracy is dominated by a tripartite elite composed of political, military, and corporate leaders.
Interconnectedness of the Elite: Mills argues that the elites in these sectors are interconnected through a shared culture, intermarriage, and frequent social interaction.
Public Apathy and Political Powerlessness: According to Mills, the masses are largely apathetic and politically powerless. He argues that there’s a huge power disparity which prevents them from having meaningful influence over policy-making.

The Ruling Class Theory

Ruling Class Theory: This theory from Karl Marx states that the economic base of society – the mode of production – gives rise to a particular class structure. The dominant or ruling class controls the means of production.
The State as a Vehicle: According to Marx, the state serves the interests of the ruling class by maintaining the existing order, often through legal sanction and force. This view greatly influences the concept of power in a capitalist society.
False Consciousness: Marx’s ideology highlights the idea of ‘false consciousness’, where the working class is unaware of their exploitation and their real class position, thereby perpetuating the domination of the ruling class.

Power Elitism and Pluralism

Pluralist Challenge: Pluralist theory challenges elite theory by suggesting power is dispersed among competing interest groups. It argues that politics is an arena for negotiation and compromise, with no one group permanently dominating.

Remember, each of these theories offers a framework for understanding political power in society, shedding light on the dynamics of power, influence, and control. They aid discussions on democracy, governance, and political participation, helping to reveal the underlying power mechanisms in a society.