Theoretical perspectives of education: Functionalist

Functionalist Perspective of Education

Overview

The Functionalist Theory views education as a vital institution in society that contributes to social order and stability.
Functionalists argue that education teaches the key values and norms of society, fostering social cohesion.
They perceive education as a mechanism for socialisation, preparing individuals for adult roles in society, and for the allocation of individuals into these roles based on skill and ability.

Key Thinkers

Durkheim proposed that education is integral in creating social solidarity and shared values.
Parsons argued that education acts as a bridge between familial and societal values, and prepares individuals for their role in society, actuating the concept of meritocracy.
Davis and Moore stressed the role of education in determining individuals’ position in society based on their skill, a process referred to as role allocation.

Specific Concepts

The notion of ‘Schooling serves society’ suggests that education churns out individuals who can perform the roles needed for the society to function smoothly.
The concept of ‘Meritocratic society’ implies that each individual is rewarded according to their talent and effort. Education aids in identifying and manifesting these rewards.
The principle of ‘Role Allocation’ signifies that education sorts individuals into different levels of job roles based on their abilities.

Critiques

Critics argue that the functionalist perspective overlooks individual differences and experiences, and assumes all students have an equal chance of success.
The theory is also criticised for placing too much emphasis on consensus, disregarding power inequalities in the education system.
Critics point out that functionalists assume education is always beneficial, not taking into consideration that it can also reinforce and reproduce social inequalities.

Media Influence

The media often reflect the functionalist perspective by highlighting stories of educational success and the power of hard work and talent, reinforcing the idea of meritocracy.
Conversely, media coverage of failing schools or disadvantaged students can expose the limitations of the functionalist view of education.