Role of religion in contemporary society

The Functionalist Perspective on Religion

Emile Durkheim views religion as a social institution which reinforces social solidarity, order and stability.
Durkheim proposed the idea of Totenism, saying that the sacred symbolises society’s collective conscience that instills moral boundary in its members.
Religion, according to functionalists like Talcott Parsons, provides a source of meaning and purpose in life, especially during times of crisis or social change.

The Marxist View of Religion

Karl Marx famously described religion as the ‘opium of the people’, offering an illusion of hope to the oppressed working class.
Marxists view religion as a tool used by the capitalist class to justify their privileged position - a mechanism of social control.
Neo-Marxist theorists, such as Antonio Gramsci, acknowledged religion’s ability to resist oppression and challenge the status quo, unlike traditional Marxists who highlight its conservative nature.

The Feminist Perspective on Religion

Feminists argue that religion is a patriarchal institution that oppresses women.
They draw attention to how male dominance is often found in religious scriptures, laws, and practices.
Feminist theorists like Simone de Beauvoir regard religion as an ideology that reinforces patriarchal power structures.

The Interpretivist View on Religion

Interpretivists like Max Weber focus on the meanings individuals give to their religious beliefs and actions.
They claim that religion can cause social change - Weber’s study of Calvinism and the rise of capitalism being a prominent example.
Interpretivists also highlight the subjective, personal aspect of religion, focusing on how individuals interpret and live their faith.

Religion in Postmodern Society

Postmodernists argue that globalisation has increased religious diversity and weakened traditional religious institutions and influence.
They assert that individuals now have greater freedom to pick and mix religious beliefs and practices - a phenomenon referred to as religious consumerism.
Steve Bruce disagreed with this view, arguing that religiosity is declining in modern society. This theory of secularisation, however, remains disputed.

The New Age Movement

Typically characterised as a rejection of traditional religious dogma in favour of individual spiritual exploration.
Emphasises holistic beliefs, a connection with nature, and a focus on self-improvement.
The growth of the New Age movement is often seen as indicative of the spiritual shopping and individualism prevalent in contemporary society.

Revision suggestion: To expand your understanding, research real-life examples and case studies that demonstrate these theories and viewpoints. Provide detailed analysis and don’t forget to evaluate critically!