Theories of inequality: postmodernist

Defining Postmodernist Theory of Inequality

Postmodernist theories argue traditional concepts of inequality are outdated and no longer applicable.
They contest that economic class is no longer the primary determinant of a person’s life chances and suggest other forms of ‘identity politics’ such as race, ethnicity, gender, age, sexuality, and lifestyle choices may have equal or greater influence on inequality.

Challenges to Traditional Marxist and Functionalist Perspectives

Postmodernists challenge both Marxist and Functionalist perspectives of inequality.
They argue these perspectives are ‘meta-narratives’ or ‘grand theories’, which attempt to explain everything and have become obsolete in today’s pluralistic society.
They assert that grand theories ignore the importance of personal and group identities in shaping life chances and experiences.

Influence of Culture and Media

Postmodernists emphasise the significance of the media and cultural products such as television shows, films, and music in creating and reproducing inequalities.
They argue culture industries disseminate ‘signs’ and ‘symbols’ that people use to construct their identities.
Inequality, in this case, is not just socioeconomic - it also involves cultural capital.

Multiplicity of Power Relations

Postmodern thought acknowledges a myriad of power relations in society which influence inequality.
This refers to multiple sources of power and authority surrounding different dimensions of social identity, including gender, sexuality, ethnicity, and age alongside class.
The concept of hegemony is used to describe the societal dominance of certain ideologies or discourses.

Resistance to Inequality

Postmodernists suggest that resistance to inequality can come from anywhere in society, not just the working class.
They stress the need to challenge dominant discourses and take action on the micro-level, such as individual lifestyle choices and everyday practices. This is known as ‘small politics’.
For example, changes in attitudes towards gender or same-sex relationships can contribute towards more equal societies.

Limitations of Postmodernist Perspective

Critics argue that postmodernism exaggerates the decline of class and ignores the continued power of economic inequalities.
Postmodernist theories are often criticised for being abstract and difficult to apply to everyday life, and for their perceived lack of solutions to social issues.
Some sociologists critique postmodernists for focusing too much on cultural factors and neglecting the economic structures that shape society.