Theories of Research

Positivist Approach

Positivist approach believes that the social world can be studied using the same scientific methods used in natural sciences.
Positivists favour quantitative methods such as surveys and experiments for their ability to provide precise, measurable, and generalisable data.
They advocate for the use of statistical analysis, which highlights correlations and trends and can point to causal relationships.
Prefer objectivity, aiming for neutrality and meaningful results regardless of who conducts the research.
Critics argue it oversimplifies complex human behaviours and societies to quantifiable variables.

Interpretivist approach suggests that understanding human behaviour requires interpreting the meanings people give to their actions.
Interpretivists generally use qualitative methods such as interviews and observation to gain rich, detailed data reflective of individuals’ experiences.
They favour subjectivity, striving to understand the world through the eyes of the individuals studied.
They account for the role of the researcher who is not a detached observer but fundamentally involved in the research process.
Critics claim it may lack reliability and generalisability due to its focus on individuals and small groups.

The realist approach combines the positivist emphasis on objective reality with the interpretivist understanding of subjective experiences.
Realists use both qualitative and quantitative methods, often in a mixed-method approach that captures both patterns and experiences.
They believe that there are objective social structures that influence human actions, but these structures are interpreted differently by individuals.
Realists aim to discover the underlying mechanisms that influence social phenomena rather than merely describing observations.
Critics argue the realist approach can overly complicate the research process and still miss key elements of social reality.

The feminist approach is concerned with uncovering gender inequalities and contributing to social change.
Feminist researchers often use qualitative methods to capture women’s experiences and voices, which have often been marginalised in traditional research.
They recognise the power dynamics in the research process and aim to engage subjects as active participants, not just objects of study.
Feminist research often adopt an advocacy role, using findings for policy change and societal transformation.
Critics consider the feminist approach to be too politicised and argue it risks losing objectivity.