Theoretical perspectives of religion: Functionalist Marxist

Functionalism and Religion

According to Functionalists, religion is a universal social institution that fulfils several crucial functions for society, contributing to its overall stability and harmony.
Durkheim views religion as a means of creating social cohesion and solidarity. He emphasises the importance of collective rituals and sacred symbols that bond individuals together, creating a sense of shared identity.
The religious institution, in Durkheim’s perspective, serves as the foundation for social order by producing common values and moral codes, which guide individuals’ actions and maintain social equilibrium.
Functionalists also highlight the role of religion in addressing human’s existential anxieties. For instance, Malinowski suggests that religion helps individuals cope with life’s uncertainties and crises, providing psychological comfort and existential security.
Criticisms of the functionalist perspective include its tendency to overlook conflicts and divisions caused by religion, and its assumption that all members of society share the same beliefs and values.

Marxist Perspective on Religion

In contrast, Marxists view religion as a tool of oppression. According to Marx, religion is an “opiate of the masses”, which dulls the pain of exploitation and conceals the reality of class inequality.
Religion, from this perspective, is used by the ruling class to legitimise their power and maintain the status quo. It propagates the belief in a divine order or a predetermined social hierarchy, discouraging the working class from challenging their subordinate position.
Furthermore, Marxists argue that religion provides illusory happiness and promises of an afterlife, diverting people’s attention from their real-world suffering and exploitation.
Engels amplifies Marx’s view by showing how religion has been historically used to control women and uphold patriarchal power structures.
Critics of the Marxist view point out it fails to recognise the active role individuals play in shaping their religious beliefs. It also lacks consideration of religion’s potentially revolutionary or emancipatory power.

Revision suggestion: Delve into the writings of key Functionalist and Marxist theorists such as Durkheim, Malinowski, Marx, and Engels. Understand the societal roles they attribute to religion and the criticisms levelled against their theories. Draw connections between these perspectives and the role of religion in contemporary society.