Sampling

Sampling Methods in Sociological Research

Random Sampling

  • Random sampling involves selection of participants from a population where each individual has an equal likelihood of being chosen.
  • This method minimises bias and enhances the generalisability of findings.
  • However, it may not be representative if the sample size is too small.

Systematic Sampling

  • In systematic sampling, every nth individual is selected from a list or sequential set.
  • This approach provides a random but balanced representation of a population.
  • Despite being straightforward, this method may be influenced by patterns in the list from which the selection is being made.

Stratified Sampling

  • Stratified sampling divides a population into separate groups, or strata, and then samples from each group.
  • This ensures representation of all significant sub-groups within a population.
  • Strata must be carefully designated to avoid overlap or confusion.

Quota Sampling

  • Quota sampling involves criteria set for different categories of people, and a specific number of respondents are sought to fulfil the quota.
  • This non-random method ensures representation of particular strata, but may lead to selection bias.

Snowball Sampling

  • With snowball sampling, the researcher contacts a small group of respondents who then refer others from their network to participate in the research.
  • This is particularly useful when the population of study is hard-to-reach or secretive.
  • However, it may lack variability and over-represent individuals with wider social networks.

Sample Size Considerations

  • The size of a sample can have a significant impact on the reliability, generalisability and validity of the research.
  • Larger samples generally provide more reliable and generalisable results, but may not be practical due to cost and time constraints.
  • Conversely, a smaller sample may allow for richer data collection at an individual level, but may risk being unrepresentative.

Ethical considerations in sampling

  • Researchers must ensure informed consent from their sample for ethical purposes.
  • Anonymity and confidentiality should be maintained where necessary.
  • Researchers should aim to avoid causing harm or distress to their sample.