Theories of inequality: functionalist

The Functionalist Perspective on Inequality

Key Principles of Functionalism

Functionalist theory asserts that social inequality is necessary and beneficial to society.
The theory postulates that some degree of inequality is required to motivate individuals to fill different positions within the society.
According to functionalists, societies reward the roles that are most needed with higher status, prestige, and income.

Durkheim’s Theory of Social Functionality

Émile Durkheim, a foundational theorist in functionalism, believed that different social institutions and practices have valuable roles in maintaining societal stability.
He suggested that an unequal distribution of resources in a society is functional and helps to maintain social order.

Davis and Moore’s Theory of Stratification

Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore extended Durkheim’s ideas, arguing that certain jobs in society need special skills and thus require greater rewards.
They asserted that social inequality is not only inevitable but also necessary, as a means to motivate people to train and work in more important and complex societal roles.

Criticisms of the Functionalist View

Critics argue that functionalism often justifies and perpetuates inequalities on the assumption that they are for societal benefit.
Others argue that not all societal roles are rewarded based on their societal importance. For instance, many essential but low-status jobs are poorly rewarded in reality.
The notion that people are rewarded based on merit (meritocracy) is also critiqued, as it ignores structural factors like class, race, or gender, which can restrict individuals’ opportunities.
Functionalist theory is often criticised for its conservative nature and failure to consider the potential benefits of social change or questioning of the status quo.